# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- # pyglet # Copyright (c) 2006-2008 Alex Holkner # Copyright (c) 2008-2021 pyglet contributors # All rights reserved. # # Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without # modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions # are met: # # * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright # notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. # * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright # notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in # the documentation and/or other materials provided with the # distribution. # * Neither the name of pyglet nor the names of its # contributors may be used to endorse or promote products # derived from this software without specific prior written # permission. # # THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS # "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT # LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE # COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, # INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, # BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; # LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER # CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT # LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN # ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE # POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- """Precise framerate calculation function scheduling. Measuring time ============== The `tick` and `get_fps` functions can be used in conjunction to fulfil most games' basic requirements:: from pyglet import clock while True: dt = clock.tick() # ... update and render ... print(f"FPS is {clock.get_fps()}") The ``dt`` value returned gives the number of seconds (as a float) since the last "tick". The `get_fps` function averages the framerate over a sliding window of approximately 1 second. (You can calculate the instantaneous framerate by taking the reciprocal of ``dt``). Always remember to `tick` the clock! Scheduling ========== You can schedule a function to be called every time the clock is ticked:: def callback(dt): print(f"{dt} seconds since last callback") clock.schedule(callback) The `schedule_interval` method causes a function to be called every "n" seconds:: clock.schedule_interval(callback, .5) # called twice a second The `schedule_once` method causes a function to be called once "n" seconds in the future:: clock.schedule_once(callback, 5) # called in 5 seconds All of the `schedule` methods will pass on any additional args or keyword args you specify to the callback function:: def move(dt, velocity, sprite): sprite.position += dt * velocity clock.schedule(move, velocity=5.0, sprite=alien) You can cancel a function scheduled with any of these methods using `unschedule`:: clock.unschedule(move) Using multiple clocks ===================== The clock functions are all relayed to an instance of :py:class:`~pyglet.clock.Clock` which is initialised with the module. You can get this instance to use directly:: clk = clock.get_default() You can also replace the default clock with your own: myclk = clock.Clock() clock.set_default(myclk) Each clock maintains its own set of scheduled functions and FPS measurement. Each clock must be "ticked" separately. Multiple and derived clocks potentially allow you to separate "game-time" and "wall-time", or to synchronise your clock to an audio or video stream instead of the system clock. """ import time from operator import attrgetter from heapq import heappush, heappop, heappushpop from collections import deque from pyglet import compat_platform class _ScheduledItem: __slots__ = ['func', 'args', 'kwargs'] def __init__(self, func, args, kwargs): self.func = func self.args = args self.kwargs = kwargs class _ScheduledIntervalItem: __slots__ = ['func', 'interval', 'last_ts', 'next_ts', 'args', 'kwargs'] def __init__(self, func, interval, last_ts, next_ts, args, kwargs): self.func = func self.interval = interval self.last_ts = last_ts self.next_ts = next_ts self.args = args self.kwargs = kwargs def __lt__(self, other): try: return self.next_ts < other.next_ts except AttributeError: return self.next_ts < other class Clock: """Class for calculating and limiting framerate. It is also used for calling scheduled functions. """ #: The minimum amount of time in seconds this clock will attempt to sleep #: for when framerate limiting. Higher values will increase the #: accuracy of the limiting but also increase CPU usage while #: busy-waiting. Lower values mean the process sleeps more often, but is #: prone to over-sleep and run at a potentially lower or uneven framerate #: than desired. #: On Windows, MIN_SLEEP is larger because the default timer resolution #: is set by default to 15 .6 ms. MIN_SLEEP = 0.008 if compat_platform in ('win32', 'cygwin') else 0.005 #: The amount of time in seconds this clock subtracts from sleep values #: to compensate for lazy operating systems. SLEEP_UNDERSHOOT = MIN_SLEEP - 0.001 # List of functions to call every tick. _schedule_items = None # List of schedule interval items kept in sort order. _schedule_interval_items = None # If True, a sleep(0) is inserted on every tick. _force_sleep = False def __init__(self, time_function=time.perf_counter): """Initialise a Clock, with optional custom time function. :Parameters: `time_function` : function Function to return the elapsed time of the application, in seconds. Defaults to time.time, but can be replaced to allow for easy time dilation effects or game pausing. """ super(Clock, self).__init__() self.time = time_function self.next_ts = self.time() self.last_ts = None # Used by self.get_fps to show update frequency self.times = deque() self.cumulative_time = 0 self.window_size = 60 self._schedule_items = [] self._schedule_interval_items = [] self._current_interval_item = None @staticmethod def sleep(microseconds): time.sleep(microseconds * 1e-6) def update_time(self): """Get the elapsed time since the last call to `update_time`. This updates the clock's internal measure of time and returns the difference since the last update (or since the clock was created). .. versionadded:: 1.2 :rtype: float :return: The number of seconds since the last `update_time`, or 0 if this was the first time it was called. """ ts = self.time() if self.last_ts is None: delta_t = 0 else: delta_t = ts - self.last_ts self.times.appendleft(delta_t) if len(self.times) > self.window_size: self.cumulative_time -= self.times.pop() self.cumulative_time += delta_t self.last_ts = ts return delta_t def call_scheduled_functions(self, dt): """Call scheduled functions that elapsed on the last `update_time`. .. versionadded:: 1.2 :Parameters: dt : float The elapsed time since the last update to pass to each scheduled function. This is *not* used to calculate which functions have elapsed. :rtype: bool :return: True if any functions were called, otherwise False. """ now = self.last_ts result = False # flag indicates if any function was called # handle items scheduled for every tick if self._schedule_items: result = True # duplicate list in case event unschedules itself for item in list(self._schedule_items): item.func(dt, *item.args, **item.kwargs) # check the next scheduled item that is not called each tick # if it is scheduled in the future, then exit interval_items = self._schedule_interval_items try: if interval_items[0].next_ts > now: return result # raised when the interval_items list is empty except IndexError: return result # NOTE: there is no special handling required to manage things # that are scheduled during this loop, due to the heap self._current_interval_item = item = None get_soft_next_ts = self._get_soft_next_ts while interval_items: # the scheduler will hold onto a reference to an item in # case it needs to be rescheduled. it is more efficient # to push and pop the heap at once rather than two operations if item is None: item = heappop(interval_items) else: item = heappushpop(interval_items, item) # a scheduled function may try and unschedule itself # so we need to keep a reference to the current # item no longer on heap to be able to check self._current_interval_item = item # if next item is scheduled in the future then break if item.next_ts > now: break # execute the callback item.func(now - item.last_ts, *item.args, **item.kwargs) if item.interval: # Try to keep timing regular, even if overslept this time; # but don't schedule in the past (which could lead to # infinitely-worsening error). item.next_ts = item.last_ts + item.interval item.last_ts = now # test the schedule for the next execution if item.next_ts <= now: # the scheduled time of this item has already passed # so it must be rescheduled if now - item.next_ts < 0.05: # missed execution time by 'reasonable' amount, so # reschedule at normal interval item.next_ts = now + item.interval else: # missed by significant amount, now many events have # likely missed execution. do a soft reschedule to # avoid lumping many events together. # in this case, the next dt will not be accurate item.next_ts = get_soft_next_ts(now, item.interval) item.last_ts = item.next_ts - item.interval else: # not an interval, so this item will not be rescheduled self._current_interval_item = item = None if item is not None: heappush(interval_items, item) return True def tick(self, poll=False): """Signify that one frame has passed. This will call any scheduled functions that have elapsed. :Parameters: `poll` : bool If True, the function will call any scheduled functions but will not sleep or busy-wait for any reason. Recommended for advanced applications managing their own sleep timers only. Since pyglet 1.1. :rtype: float :return: The number of seconds since the last "tick", or 0 if this was the first frame. """ if not poll and self._force_sleep: self.sleep(0) delta_t = self.update_time() self.call_scheduled_functions(delta_t) return delta_t def get_sleep_time(self, sleep_idle): """Get the time until the next item is scheduled. Applications can choose to continue receiving updates at the maximum framerate during idle time (when no functions are scheduled), or they can sleep through their idle time and allow the CPU to switch to other processes or run in low-power mode. If `sleep_idle` is ``True`` the latter behaviour is selected, and ``None`` will be returned if there are no scheduled items. Otherwise, if `sleep_idle` is ``False``, or if any scheduled items exist, a value of 0 is returned. :Parameters: `sleep_idle` : bool If True, the application intends to sleep through its idle time; otherwise it will continue ticking at the maximum frame rate allowed. :rtype: float :return: Time until the next scheduled event in seconds, or ``None`` if there is no event scheduled. .. versionadded:: 1.1 """ if self._schedule_items or not sleep_idle: return 0.0 if self._schedule_interval_items: return max(self._schedule_interval_items[0].next_ts - self.time(), 0.0) return None def get_fps(self): """Get the average clock update frequency of recent history. The result is the average of a sliding window of the last "n" updates, where "n" is some number designed to cover approximately 1 second. This is **not** the Window redraw rate. :rtype: float :return: The measured updates per second. """ if not self.cumulative_time: return 0 return len(self.times) / self.cumulative_time def _get_nearest_ts(self): """Get the nearest timestamp. Schedule from now, unless now is sufficiently close to last_ts, in which case use last_ts. This clusters together scheduled items that probably want to be scheduled together. The old (pre 1.1.1) behaviour was to always use self.last_ts, and not look at ts. The new behaviour is needed because clock ticks can now be quite irregular, and span several seconds. """ last_ts = self.last_ts or self.next_ts ts = self.time() if ts - last_ts > 0.2: return ts return last_ts def _get_soft_next_ts(self, last_ts, interval): def taken(ts, e): """Check if `ts` has already got an item scheduled nearby.""" # TODO this function is slow and called very often. # Optimise it, maybe? for item in self._schedule_interval_items: if abs(item.next_ts - ts) <= e: return True elif item.next_ts > ts + e: return False return False # sorted list is required required to produce expected results # taken() will iterate through the heap, expecting it to be sorted # and will not always catch smallest value, so sort here. # do not remove the sort key...it is faster than relaying comparisons # NOTE: do not rewrite as popping from heap, as that is super slow! self._schedule_interval_items.sort(key=attrgetter('next_ts')) # Binary division over interval: # # 0 interval # |--------------------------| # 5 3 6 2 7 4 8 1 Order of search # # i.e., first scheduled at interval, # then at interval/2 # then at interval/4 # then at interval*3/4 # then at ... # # Schedule is hopefully then evenly distributed for any interval, # and any number of scheduled functions. next_ts = last_ts + interval if not taken(next_ts, interval / 4): return next_ts dt = interval divs = 1 while True: next_ts = last_ts for i in range(divs - 1): next_ts += dt if not taken(next_ts, dt / 4): return next_ts dt /= 2 divs *= 2 # Avoid infinite loop in pathological case if divs > 16: return next_ts def schedule(self, func, *args, **kwargs): """Schedule a function to be called every frame. The function should have a prototype that includes ``dt`` as the first argument, which gives the elapsed time, in seconds, since the last clock tick. Any additional arguments given to this function are passed on to the callback:: def callback(dt, *args, **kwargs): pass :Parameters: `func` : callable The function to call each frame. """ item = _ScheduledItem(func, args, kwargs) self._schedule_items.append(item) def schedule_once(self, func, delay, *args, **kwargs): """Schedule a function to be called once after `delay` seconds. The callback function prototype is the same as for `schedule`. :Parameters: `func` : callable The function to call when the timer lapses. `delay` : float The number of seconds to wait before the timer lapses. """ last_ts = self._get_nearest_ts() next_ts = last_ts + delay item = _ScheduledIntervalItem(func, 0, last_ts, next_ts, args, kwargs) heappush(self._schedule_interval_items, item) def schedule_interval(self, func, interval, *args, **kwargs): """Schedule a function to be called every `interval` seconds. Specifying an interval of 0 prevents the function from being called again (see `schedule` to call a function as often as possible). The callback function prototype is the same as for `schedule`. :Parameters: `func` : callable The function to call when the timer lapses. `interval` : float The number of seconds to wait between each call. """ last_ts = self._get_nearest_ts() next_ts = last_ts + interval item = _ScheduledIntervalItem(func, interval, last_ts, next_ts, args, kwargs) heappush(self._schedule_interval_items, item) def schedule_interval_soft(self, func, interval, *args, **kwargs): """Schedule a function to be called every ``interval`` seconds. This method is similar to `schedule_interval`, except that the clock will move the interval out of phase with other scheduled functions so as to distribute CPU more load evenly over time. This is useful for functions that need to be called regularly, but not relative to the initial start time. :py:mod:`pyglet.media` does this for scheduling audio buffer updates, which need to occur regularly -- if all audio updates are scheduled at the same time (for example, mixing several tracks of a music score, or playing multiple videos back simultaneously), the resulting load on the CPU is excessive for those intervals but idle outside. Using the soft interval scheduling, the load is more evenly distributed. Soft interval scheduling can also be used as an easy way to schedule graphics animations out of phase; for example, multiple flags waving in the wind. .. versionadded:: 1.1 :Parameters: `func` : callable The function to call when the timer lapses. `interval` : float The number of seconds to wait between each call. """ next_ts = self._get_soft_next_ts(self._get_nearest_ts(), interval) last_ts = next_ts - interval item = _ScheduledIntervalItem(func, interval, last_ts, next_ts, args, kwargs) heappush(self._schedule_interval_items, item) def unschedule(self, func): """Remove a function from the schedule. If the function appears in the schedule more than once, all occurrences are removed. If the function was not scheduled, no error is raised. :Parameters: `func` : callable The function to remove from the schedule. """ # clever remove item without disturbing the heap: # 1. set function to an empty lambda -- original function is not called # 2. set interval to 0 -- item will be removed from heap eventually valid_items = set(item for item in self._schedule_interval_items if item.func == func) if self._current_interval_item: if self._current_interval_item.func == func: valid_items.add(self._current_interval_item) for item in valid_items: item.interval = 0 item.func = lambda x, *args, **kwargs: x self._schedule_items = [i for i in self._schedule_items if i.func != func] # Default clock. _default = Clock() def set_default(default): """Set the default clock to use for all module-level functions. By default an instance of :py:class:`~pyglet.clock.Clock` is used. :Parameters: `default` : `Clock` The default clock to use. """ global _default _default = default def get_default(): """Get the pyglet default Clock. Return the :py:class:`~pyglet.clock.Clock` instance that is used by all module-level clock functions. :rtype: `Clock` :return: The default clock. """ return _default def tick(poll=False): """Signify that one frame has passed on the default clock. This will call any scheduled functions that have elapsed. :Parameters: `poll` : bool If True, the function will call any scheduled functions but will not sleep or busy-wait for any reason. Recommended for advanced applications managing their own sleep timers only. Since pyglet 1.1. :rtype: float :return: The number of seconds since the last "tick", or 0 if this was the first frame. """ return _default.tick(poll) def get_sleep_time(sleep_idle): """Get the time until the next item is scheduled on the default clock. See `Clock.get_sleep_time` for details. :Parameters: `sleep_idle` : bool If True, the application intends to sleep through its idle time; otherwise it will continue ticking at the maximum frame rate allowed. :rtype: float :return: Time until the next scheduled event in seconds, or ``None`` if there is no event scheduled. .. versionadded:: 1.1 """ return _default.get_sleep_time(sleep_idle) def get_fps(): """Get the average clock update frequency. The result is the sliding average of the last "n" updates, where "n" is some number designed to cover approximately 1 second. This is the internal clock update rate, **not** the Window redraw rate. Platform events, such as moving the mouse rapidly, will cause the clock to refresh more often. :rtype: float :return: The measured updates per second. """ return _default.get_fps() def schedule(func, *args, **kwargs): """Schedule 'func' to be called every frame on the default clock. The arguments passed to func are ``dt``, followed by any ``*args`` and ``**kwargs`` given here. :Parameters: `func` : callable The function to call each frame. """ _default.schedule(func, *args, **kwargs) def schedule_interval(func, interval, *args, **kwargs): """Schedule ``func`` on the default clock every interval seconds. The arguments passed to ``func`` are ``dt`` (time since last function call), followed by any ``*args`` and ``**kwargs`` given here. :Parameters: `func` : callable The function to call when the timer lapses. `interval` : float The number of seconds to wait between each call. """ _default.schedule_interval(func, interval, *args, **kwargs) def schedule_interval_soft(func, interval, *args, **kwargs): """Schedule ``func`` on the default clock every interval seconds. The clock will move the interval out of phase with other scheduled functions so as to distribute CPU more load evenly over time. The arguments passed to ``func`` are ``dt`` (time since last function call), followed by any ``*args`` and ``**kwargs`` given here. :see: `Clock.schedule_interval_soft` .. versionadded:: 1.1 :Parameters: `func` : callable The function to call when the timer lapses. `interval` : float The number of seconds to wait between each call. """ _default.schedule_interval_soft(func, interval, *args, **kwargs) def schedule_once(func, delay, *args, **kwargs): """Schedule ``func`` to be called once after ``delay`` seconds. This function uses the fefault clock. ``delay`` can be a float. The arguments passed to ``func`` are ``dt`` (time since last function call), followed by any ``*args`` and ``**kwargs`` given here. If no default clock is set, the func is queued and will be scheduled on the default clock as soon as it is created. :Parameters: `func` : callable The function to call when the timer lapses. `delay` : float The number of seconds to wait before the timer lapses. """ _default.schedule_once(func, delay, *args, **kwargs) def unschedule(func): """Remove ``func`` from the default clock's schedule. No error is raised if the ``func`` was never scheduled. :Parameters: `func` : callable The function to remove from the schedule. """ _default.unschedule(func)